By Carrie Umstead
Colon cancer, or colorectal cancer, is a type of cancer that starts in the colon or rectum. It is one of the most common types of cancer, but when detected early, it can be treated effectively. The disease often begins as non-cancerous growths known as polyps, which can develop into cancer over time if left untreated. Understanding the signs and symptoms play a crucial role in early detection and prevention.
In its early stages, colon cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms, which is why regular screening is essential, especially for those over the age of 50 or with risk factors. However, as the cancer progresses, it can produce a range of symptoms that affect digestion and bowel habits.
One of the most common signs is a change in bowel habits that lasts for several weeks. This could include persistent diarrhea or constipation, or a noticeable difference in the consistency of stools. These changes often occur without any apparent cause and may be accompanied by a feeling that the bowel does not completely empty.
Another potential sign is the presence of blood in the stool, which may appear bright red or dark, making the stool look almost black. Blood in the stool may be accompanied by rectal bleeding. While not always indicative of colon cancer—conditions such as hemorrhoids or anal fissures can also cause bleeding—persistent or unexplained bleeding should always be checked by a healthcare professional.
Unexplained weight loss and fatigue can also be early signs of colon cancer. Weight loss occurs as the body uses more energy to fight the cancer, and fatigue may develop due to anemia from blood loss in the digestive tract. This can leave individuals feeling unusually tired even after adequate rest.
Abdominal discomfort, such as cramping, bloating, or pain, may develop as the tumor grows, obstructing the passage of stool. This can lead to a feeling of fullness, even after a small meal. In some cases, advanced colon cancer can cause nausea or vomiting if a bowel obstruction occurs.
While the exact cause of colon cancer is not fully understood, several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing the disease. Age is a significant factor, with most cases occurring in people over 50. A family history of colon cancer or certain genetic conditions, such as Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis, further elevates the risk.
Lifestyle choices also play a role. A diet high in red or processed meats has been linked to an increased risk of colon cancer, as has a sedentary lifestyle. Obesity, smoking, and heavy alcohol use are additional modifiable risk factors that can elevate the likelihood of developing colorectal cancer.
Preventing colon cancer involves a combination of regular screening, healthy lifestyle choices, and sometimes medical interventions for those at high risk. Screening is the most effective way to detect colon cancer early or even prevent it by identifying and removing precancerous polyps. The American Cancer Society recommends that individuals at average risk start screening at age 45, while those with a family history or other risk factors may need to begin earlier.
Colonoscopy is the most commonly recommended screening test because it allows for the direct visualization and removal of polyps during the procedure. Other screening options include stool-based tests, which check for hidden blood or abnormal DNA in the stool, and flexible sigmoidoscopy, which examines the lower part of the colon.
Diet plays an essential role in reducing the risk of colon cancer. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains provides fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants, which help protect against cancer. Fiber, in particular, promotes healthy digestion and helps reduce the time that waste spends in the digestive tract, potentially limiting exposure to harmful substances. Consuming less red and processed meat, along with avoiding excessive alcohol, further contributes to a lower risk. Incorporating fish, lean poultry, and plant-based protein sources can be beneficial.
Regular physical activity has been shown to decrease the risk of cancer as exercise helps maintain a healthy weight and regulate hormone levels that may contribute to cancer growth. Even moderate activities such as walking can make a significant difference in overall health.
Smoking cessation is another crucial preventive measure. Tobacco use is not only linked to lung cancer but also increases the risk of many other cancers, including colon cancer.
For individuals with a high genetic risk of colon cancer, medical interventions may be necessary. Preventive surgeries may be considered in those with inherited conditions like Lynch syndrome. Genetic counseling can help assess risk and guide these decisions.
Colon cancer is highly treatable when detected early, with survival rates significantly higher for cancers caught before they spread. That’s why it’s important not to ignore symptoms or delay routine screenings. Seeking medical advice without hesitation can be life-saving.
